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- $Unique_ID{how04776}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{World Civilizations: The Classical Period In World History
- Greece, Persia And Hellenism}
- $Subtitle{}
- $Author{Stearns, Peter N.;Adas, Michael;Schwartz, Stuart B.}
- $Affiliation{}
- $Subject{greek
- classical
- civilization
- east
- middle
- greece
- new
- hellenistic
- mediterranean
- period
- see
- pictures
- see
- figures
- }
- $Date{1992}
- $Log{See Threshing*0477601.scf
- }
- Title: World Civilizations: The Classical Period In World History
- Book: Chapter 6: Classical Greece And The Hellenistic World
- Author: Stearns, Peter N.;Adas, Michael;Schwartz, Stuart B.
- Date: 1992
-
- Greece, Persia And Hellenism
-
- Greece As A Classical Civilization
-
- At this point, a full-fledged classical society began to take shape,
- exhibiting many basic features in common with the classical phase of
- civilization in China and India. Like the other classical societies, Greek
- civilization would extend over a wide region, embracing ultimately a far
- larger area than any of the earlier cultures of the eastern Mediterranean.
- Greek influence would spread well beyond the peninsula itself, to much of the
- Middle East, part of North Africa, Sicily, and southern Italy. Greece began to
- sketch a Mediterranean civilization zone that combined earlier centers,
- notably in the Middle East, with more western shores new to civilization in
- any form. Classical Greece easily passed the test of geographical expansion,
- as classical China had done. The Greeks produced less tidy political unities
- than the Chinese emperors, but their cultural and commercial outreach and
- periodic military forays affected a large portion of western Asia and southern
- Europe.
-
- Classical Greece developed the second major feature of all the classical
- civilizations by demonstrating new political and cultural capacities compared
- to the earlier regional cultures of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece. A greater
- diversity of philosophies and political forms developed; science and
- mathematics advanced, building on previous achievements; the ability to
- organize large empires arose, though somewhat haltingly. More elaborate forms
- of trade, philosophy, and government define this classical society, just as
- they define the classical period in India and China. Finally, there was an
- ongoing heritage of values and institutions between classical civilization in
- the Mediterranean and successor cultures, making the long classical period in
- this part of the world a truly formative one like that in eastern and southern
- Asia.
-
- While Greek civilization had enduring impact, it was less clearly
- focused, geographically or institutionally, than that of China. Nothing like
- the Chinese cycles of dynasties described classical Greek history, for Greek
- political experience was more varied with more unexpected innovations. There
- were also important rivals to Greek civilization and a distinct break within
- Greek history itself that add further complexity.
-
- Persia
-
- After the fall of the great Babylonian and Hittite empires in the Middle
- East by 1200 B.C. and the ensuing regional states including some Greek
- colonies in the Middle East, a series of new invasions took shape. First came
- the Assyrians and then an influx of Iranians. From a network of small kingdoms
- in this region, a great conqueror emerged by 550 B.C. Cyrus the Great
- established a massive Persian Empire that ran across the northern Middle East
- and into northwestern India. The new empire formed the clearest successor to
- the great Mesopotamian states of the past, and Cyrus carefully tolerated
- traditional cultures. The Iranians advanced iron technology in the Middle
- East. A religious leader, Zoroaster, revised an animist religious tradition by
- seeing life as a battle between two divine forces, of good and evil.
- Zoroastrianism stressed the importance of personal moral choice in picking one
- side or the other, with a Last Judgment ultimately deciding the eternal fate
- of each person; the righteous would live on in a heaven, the "House of Song";
- the evil would be condemned to eternal pain. Zoroastrianism converted Persia's
- later emperors and added to the cultural richness of this civilization.
-
- [See Threshing]
-
- Later emperors expanded Persian holdings. They were unable to defeat
- Greece and enter Europe, but they long dominated the Middle East, providing an
- extensive period of peace and prosperity. Ultimately, the Persian Empire was
- toppled by Alexander the Great, a Greek-educated conqueror. Persian language
- and culture survived in the northeastern portion of the Middle East,
- periodically affecting developments in the region as a whole.
-
- The rise of classical civilization in Greece must thus be seen in
- competition with a parallel and powerful classical civilization in Persia.
- Greek achievements would ultimately prove more influential - Zoroastrianism,
- for example, faded in importance - but they were not unrivaled.
-
- Hellenism
-
- Greek politics and culture flourished between about 800-400 B.C. and then
- began to decline. A military empire then emerged, formed initially by
- Alexander the Great. The empire itself was short-lived, but it helped spread
- elements of Greek culture through the Middle East and Europe. The resultant
- Hellenistic period - the word Hellenism means "derived from the Greek" - thus
- saw a reconfiguration of the geography of the Mediterranean world and the
- Middle East. Greek styles and values spread through the whole region, reaching
- out to parts of Italy in the west, North Africa, and the entire Middle East.
-
- The Hellenistic period involved more than the dissemination of Greek
- culture. New political styles resembled Middle-Eastern monarchies more than
- the earlier Greek city-states. Philosophers and scientists introduced new
- themes to Greek culture, though without revising it entirely. Innovation,
- then, must be added to dissemination in describing this distinct Hellenistic
- pattern, which would flourish for about two centuries.
-
- The Hellenistic period blended, finally, with the rise of a new center of
- Mediterranean civilization based in Rome. Once more, regional geography was
- altered and important additions were made to both the Greek and Hellenistic
- legacies.
-
- The main point is clear: Mediterranean civilization, as launched by the
- Greeks, moved around, with the eastern region as its center. The civilization
- never generated a single set of institutions comparable to the Chinese
- dynasties and their bureaucracy. Because it also passed through several major
- phases of development, the civilization is not easy to define. This means that
- its longer-run heritage was more diffuse than in China or India, where the
- geographic center, though not immobile, remained more consistent.
-
-