home
***
CD-ROM
|
disk
|
FTP
|
other
***
search
/
History of the World
/
History of the World (Bureau Development, Inc.)(1992).BIN
/
dp
/
0477
/
04776.txt
< prev
next >
Wrap
Text File
|
1992-10-12
|
7KB
|
134 lines
$Unique_ID{how04776}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{World Civilizations: The Classical Period In World History
Greece, Persia And Hellenism}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Stearns, Peter N.;Adas, Michael;Schwartz, Stuart B.}
$Affiliation{}
$Subject{greek
classical
civilization
east
middle
greece
new
hellenistic
mediterranean
period
see
pictures
see
figures
}
$Date{1992}
$Log{See Threshing*0477601.scf
}
Title: World Civilizations: The Classical Period In World History
Book: Chapter 6: Classical Greece And The Hellenistic World
Author: Stearns, Peter N.;Adas, Michael;Schwartz, Stuart B.
Date: 1992
Greece, Persia And Hellenism
Greece As A Classical Civilization
At this point, a full-fledged classical society began to take shape,
exhibiting many basic features in common with the classical phase of
civilization in China and India. Like the other classical societies, Greek
civilization would extend over a wide region, embracing ultimately a far
larger area than any of the earlier cultures of the eastern Mediterranean.
Greek influence would spread well beyond the peninsula itself, to much of the
Middle East, part of North Africa, Sicily, and southern Italy. Greece began to
sketch a Mediterranean civilization zone that combined earlier centers,
notably in the Middle East, with more western shores new to civilization in
any form. Classical Greece easily passed the test of geographical expansion,
as classical China had done. The Greeks produced less tidy political unities
than the Chinese emperors, but their cultural and commercial outreach and
periodic military forays affected a large portion of western Asia and southern
Europe.
Classical Greece developed the second major feature of all the classical
civilizations by demonstrating new political and cultural capacities compared
to the earlier regional cultures of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Greece. A greater
diversity of philosophies and political forms developed; science and
mathematics advanced, building on previous achievements; the ability to
organize large empires arose, though somewhat haltingly. More elaborate forms
of trade, philosophy, and government define this classical society, just as
they define the classical period in India and China. Finally, there was an
ongoing heritage of values and institutions between classical civilization in
the Mediterranean and successor cultures, making the long classical period in
this part of the world a truly formative one like that in eastern and southern
Asia.
While Greek civilization had enduring impact, it was less clearly
focused, geographically or institutionally, than that of China. Nothing like
the Chinese cycles of dynasties described classical Greek history, for Greek
political experience was more varied with more unexpected innovations. There
were also important rivals to Greek civilization and a distinct break within
Greek history itself that add further complexity.
Persia
After the fall of the great Babylonian and Hittite empires in the Middle
East by 1200 B.C. and the ensuing regional states including some Greek
colonies in the Middle East, a series of new invasions took shape. First came
the Assyrians and then an influx of Iranians. From a network of small kingdoms
in this region, a great conqueror emerged by 550 B.C. Cyrus the Great
established a massive Persian Empire that ran across the northern Middle East
and into northwestern India. The new empire formed the clearest successor to
the great Mesopotamian states of the past, and Cyrus carefully tolerated
traditional cultures. The Iranians advanced iron technology in the Middle
East. A religious leader, Zoroaster, revised an animist religious tradition by
seeing life as a battle between two divine forces, of good and evil.
Zoroastrianism stressed the importance of personal moral choice in picking one
side or the other, with a Last Judgment ultimately deciding the eternal fate
of each person; the righteous would live on in a heaven, the "House of Song";
the evil would be condemned to eternal pain. Zoroastrianism converted Persia's
later emperors and added to the cultural richness of this civilization.
[See Threshing]
Later emperors expanded Persian holdings. They were unable to defeat
Greece and enter Europe, but they long dominated the Middle East, providing an
extensive period of peace and prosperity. Ultimately, the Persian Empire was
toppled by Alexander the Great, a Greek-educated conqueror. Persian language
and culture survived in the northeastern portion of the Middle East,
periodically affecting developments in the region as a whole.
The rise of classical civilization in Greece must thus be seen in
competition with a parallel and powerful classical civilization in Persia.
Greek achievements would ultimately prove more influential - Zoroastrianism,
for example, faded in importance - but they were not unrivaled.
Hellenism
Greek politics and culture flourished between about 800-400 B.C. and then
began to decline. A military empire then emerged, formed initially by
Alexander the Great. The empire itself was short-lived, but it helped spread
elements of Greek culture through the Middle East and Europe. The resultant
Hellenistic period - the word Hellenism means "derived from the Greek" - thus
saw a reconfiguration of the geography of the Mediterranean world and the
Middle East. Greek styles and values spread through the whole region, reaching
out to parts of Italy in the west, North Africa, and the entire Middle East.
The Hellenistic period involved more than the dissemination of Greek
culture. New political styles resembled Middle-Eastern monarchies more than
the earlier Greek city-states. Philosophers and scientists introduced new
themes to Greek culture, though without revising it entirely. Innovation,
then, must be added to dissemination in describing this distinct Hellenistic
pattern, which would flourish for about two centuries.
The Hellenistic period blended, finally, with the rise of a new center of
Mediterranean civilization based in Rome. Once more, regional geography was
altered and important additions were made to both the Greek and Hellenistic
legacies.
The main point is clear: Mediterranean civilization, as launched by the
Greeks, moved around, with the eastern region as its center. The civilization
never generated a single set of institutions comparable to the Chinese
dynasties and their bureaucracy. Because it also passed through several major
phases of development, the civilization is not easy to define. This means that
its longer-run heritage was more diffuse than in China or India, where the
geographic center, though not immobile, remained more consistent.